Eucalyptol, menthol, and thymol exert their therapeutic effects primarily through their antimicrobial and anti-inflammatory properties. These compounds disrupt bacterial cell membranes, inhibit bacterial enzymes, and reduce biofilm formation, thereby decreasing the bacterial load responsible for plaque and gingivitis. Additionally, menthol provides a local anesthetic and cooling effect by activating cold-sensitive TRPM8 receptors on oral mucosa, which relieves minor discomfort. Thymol contributes antiseptic effects by disrupting microbial cell walls. Collectively, these actions reduce oral inflammation and inhibit plaque development, promoting oral health.