Barium Sulfate

• Radiographic contrast agent used for diagnostic imaging of the gastrointestinal (GI) tract.
• Visualization of the esophagus, stomach, small intestine, and colon in procedures such as barium swallow, barium meal, barium follow-through, and barium enema.
• Detection and evaluation of abnormalities including strictures, tumors, ulcers, fistulas, and motility disorders.

• Route: Oral or rectal, depending on the imaging procedure.
• Oral administration: Typically 200–500 mL of barium sulfate suspension for upper GI tract studies. Pediatric doses are weight-based and adjusted accordingly.
• Rectal administration: For lower GI tract imaging (barium enema), volume ranges from 500–1500 mL depending on procedure protocol and patient size.
• Patients should fast prior to upper GI studies.
• Hydration after the procedure is important to aid elimination.
• No dose adjustments needed for renal or hepatic impairment as barium sulfate is not absorbed systemically.

Barium sulfate is an inert, insoluble compound that serves as a radiopaque contrast medium. When administered into the GI tract, it coats the mucosal lining and absorbs X-rays, producing a white silhouette on radiographs. This contrast enhancement allows detailed visualization of GI tract anatomy and abnormalities without systemic pharmacologic effects.

• Absorption: Negligible; barium sulfate is not absorbed from the GI tract.
• Distribution and Metabolism: Not applicable due to lack of absorption.
• Excretion: Eliminated unchanged via feces.
• Onset: Immediate contrast effect upon administration.
• Duration: Contrast persists until barium is fully expelled.

• Pregnancy: No known systemic absorption; use only if clinically necessary with appropriate precautions to minimize fetal radiation exposure.
• Lactation: Considered safe due to lack of systemic absorption.

• Radiographic contrast agent
• Diagnostic agent for gastrointestinal imaging

• Hypersensitivity to barium sulfate or formulation excipients.
• Suspected or confirmed GI tract perforation.
• Obstruction or severe constipation.
• Acute abdomen of unknown cause unless benefits outweigh risks.

• Risk of aspiration during oral administration, especially in patients with swallowing difficulties.
• Avoid use if GI perforation or obstruction is suspected due to risk of barium leakage causing peritonitis.
• Adequate hydration post-procedure to prevent constipation or impaction.
• Monitor for allergic reactions, though rare.

• Common: Transient constipation, white or pale stools.
• Rare: Aspiration pneumonia, bowel impaction or obstruction, hypersensitivity reactions.
• Possible mild abdominal discomfort during procedure.

• No systemic drug interactions due to lack of absorption.
• May interfere with absorption of oral medications if administered concomitantly; separate timing advised.
• No known food or alcohol interactions.

• Continued recommendation against use in suspected GI perforation, favoring water-soluble contrast agents in such cases.
• Reinforced procedural guidelines to minimize aspiration risk.
• No significant changes in dosage or indications.

• Store at 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
• Protect from moisture and freezing.
• Keep container tightly closed and away from light.
• Keep out of reach of children.