Zovia

Approved Indications:

• Prevention of Micronutrient Deficiency: In individuals with inadequate dietary intake (chronic poor diet, restrictive eating, vegan diets).
• Pregnancy & Lactation: To support increased demands, especially folic acid (400 μg), iron (27 mg), calcium, vitamin D, and iodine.
• Children and Adolescents: Supplementation for growth and development when dietary intake is insufficient.
• Elderly Adults: Support bone, vision, and cognitive health; prevent vitamin B12, D, and other deficiencies associated with aging.
• Chronic Illness or Recovery: During chronic disease (e.g., malabsorption syndromes), after surgery, or during convalescence to ensure adequate nutritional status.

Off-Label Uses:

• Prevention of Chronic Disease: Some practitioners suggest multivitamins may support immune function or reduce risk of certain age-related diseases, though evidence is mixed.
• Enhanced Energy and Recovery: Popular among athletes and high-stress individuals, despite limited evidence for performance enhancement.

Adults (≥19 years):

• Standard: 1 tablet or capsule once daily, preferably with a meal to enhance absorption and minimize GI upset.
• High-dose prenatal versions: 1–2 tablets daily, as directed, with food to cover additional folic acid, iron, and calcium needs.

Pregnant/Lactating Women:

• Formulations: Often include ≥400 μg folic acid, 27–30 mg iron, vitamins D and B12 tailored for pregnancy.
• 1–2 tablets daily, taken with food.

Pediatrics (4–18 years):

• Chewable or gummy options available; doses vary by age and product, typically once daily.
• Under 4 years: Use pediatric drops or liquid forms with dosing per weight and product instructions.

Elderly:

• Same adult dosing; may choose formula with added vitamin D, B12, calcium.
• Take with food to enhance absorption and reduce GI effects.

Renal/Hepatic Impairment:

• Avoid multivitamins with high potassium or vitamin D in chronic renal failure.
• Avoid high-dose vitamin A or iron in severe hepatic disease; monitor levels.

Administration:

• Oral use only; swallow tablets/capsules with water during or after a meal.

Multivitamin supplements supply essential vitamins and minerals not adequately consumed from the diet. Each component plays a critical role: B-complex vitamins act as enzyme cofactors in energy and DNA metabolism; vitamin C is a potent antioxidant; vitamins A, D, E, K support vision, immunity, calcium metabolism, and blood coagulation; trace minerals (zinc, selenium, copper, iodine) are vital for enzymatic activity, thyroid function, and antioxidant defense. The holistic replenishment supports metabolic, developmental, immune, and tissue repair processes.

• Absorption: Water-soluble vitamins (B and C) are absorbed in the small intestine; fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) require dietary fat for efficient absorption; minerals are absorbed variably (e.g., iron via duodenum).
• Distribution: Water-soluble vitamins circulate freely in plasma; fat-soluble vitamins are stored in adipose tissue and liver.
• Metabolism: Some vitamins are activated post-absorption (e.g., vitamin D hydroxylated in liver and kidney; folate converted to tetrahydrofolate).
• Excretion: Water-soluble vitamins are excreted in urine; fat-soluble vitamins and minerals are excreted via bile and feces.
• Onset: Correction of deficiency typically within weeks to months, depending on nutrient and baseline levels.

• Pregnancy: Generally safe and recommended when appropriately formulated to support pregnancy needs—especially with folic acid and iron. Excess vitamin A (preformed retinol >10,000 IU/day) may be teratogenic.
• Lactation: Recommended to maintain maternal stores and support milk nutrient content. Use regulated multivitamins without excessive fat-soluble vitamin levels.

• Primary Class: Nutritional Supplement
• Subclass: Multivitamin–Mineral Formulation

• Known allergy or hypersensitivity to any component.
• Vitamin A-containing products in individuals with hypervitaminosis A.
• Iron-containing multivitamins in patients with hemochromatosis or iron overload.
• High-potassium formulations in advanced kidney disease.
• Large-dose vitamin K or E may interfere with warfarin therapy.

• Toxicity Risk: Long-term excessive intake of fat-soluble vitamins (A, D, E, K) may lead to toxicity.
• Children: Iron-containing multivitamins must be kept out of reach; accidental overdose can be fatal.
• Drug Interactions: High vitamin K can antagonize warfarin; vitamin E at high doses may increase bleeding risk.
• Diagnostic Interference: Biotin (B7) can interfere with lab assays—discontinue prior to testing if relevant.
• Monitor at-risk populations (e.g., renal, hepatic disease) for mineral accumulation and adjust formulations accordingly.

Common:

• Mild gastrointestinal upset (nausea, bloating), metallic taste.
• Dark stools (from iron).

Less Common:

• Headache, urticaria, mild diarrhea (e.g., from magnesium or vitamin C).

Rare/Serious:

• Hypervitaminosis A or D: symptoms include headache, visual changes, hypercalcemia.
• Allergic reactions: rash, angioedema.
• Iron overdose in children: vomiting, lethargy, metabolic acidosis—medical emergency.

• Iron, calcium, magnesium, zinc reduce absorption of tetracyclines, fluoroquinolones, levothyroxine; space dosing by 2–4 hours.
• Vitamin K may reduce warfarin efficacy.
• High-dose vitamin E may enhance anticoagulant effects.
• Biotin interferes with certain lab assays (e.g., thyroid hormone, troponin).

• 2021–2023 WHO: Endorse prenatal multivitamins (UNIMMAP) over iron-folic acid for improved birth outcomes.
• US Preventive Services Task Force (2022): Found no evidence to support routine multivitamin use in general population without deficiency.
• FDA Warning (2021): Issued label advice on biotin interference with laboratory tests.

• Temperature: 15–30 °C (59–86 °F); avoid extremes.
• Humidity & Light: Store in a cool, dry place; keep container tightly closed, away from sunlight.
• Handling: Keep out of reach of children. Do not refrigerate unless specified. Discard after expiration date.
• Form-specific: Liquid or powder forms may require refrigeration after opening—follow label instructions.