Halosin

• Approved Indications:
• Induction and maintenance of general anesthesia for surgical procedures.
• Suitable for use in both adult and pediatric patients.
• Used in elective and emergency surgeries requiring general anesthesia.
• Clinically Accepted Off-Label Uses:
• Anesthesia in diagnostic procedures requiring immobility.
• Veterinary anesthesia (outside human clinical use).

রেজিস্টার্ড চিকিৎসকের নির্দেশনা অনুযায়ী ঔষধ সেবন করুন।

• Route: Inhalation only, administered with a calibrated vaporizer in combination with oxygen or oxygen–nitrous oxide mixtures.
• Induction of Anesthesia:
• Usually initiated at 0.5% concentration, gradually increased.
• Most patients achieve surgical anesthesia at 2–4%.
• Maintenance of Anesthesia:
• Typically maintained at 0.5–2% concentration depending on the procedure and patient response.
• Children: Halothane is often preferred for pediatric induction due to its non-irritating properties. Similar concentration ranges are used but titrated carefully.
• Elderly or Debilitated Patients: Use lower concentrations due to increased sensitivity and reduced hepatic clearance.
• Important Note: Always administered by trained anesthesiologists with facilities for assisted ventilation and resuscitation.

রেজিস্টার্ড চিকিৎসকের নির্দেশনা অনুযায়ী ঔষধ সেবন করুন।

Halothane is a volatile halogenated hydrocarbon anesthetic that produces general anesthesia through modulation of the central nervous system. It enhances the activity of inhibitory GABA_A receptors, increasing chloride ion influx into neurons and causing hyperpolarization, leading to CNS depression. Additionally, halothane inhibits excitatory NMDA receptors and modulates various ion channels, reducing neuronal excitability. These combined effects result in sedation, hypnosis, muscle relaxation, and analgesia. Halothane also causes myocardial depression and peripheral vasodilation, contributing to decreases in blood pressure during anesthesia.

• Absorption: Rapid uptake via pulmonary alveoli following inhalation.
• Distribution: Rapidly distributed to highly perfused tissues, including the brain; accumulates in adipose tissue with prolonged exposure.
• Metabolism: Approximately 20% metabolized in the liver by CYP2E1 enzyme, producing reactive metabolites implicated in rare hepatotoxicity.
• Excretion: Majority eliminated unchanged through exhalation via lungs.
• Onset: Rapid, typically within 30 seconds to 1 minute.
• Half-life: Not precisely defined due to elimination via lungs; recovery time depends on exposure duration.

• Pregnancy: FDA Category C. Use only if benefits outweigh risks; animal studies have shown adverse effects, but human data are limited.
• Lactation: Excretion into breast milk is not well studied; due to rapid elimination, breastfeeding may be resumed after recovery.
• Caution: Limited safety data; careful consideration required.

• Primary Class: General Anesthetic
• Subclass: Volatile halogenated inhalational anesthetic

• Hypersensitivity to halothane or any component of the formulation.
• Personal or family history of malignant hyperthermia.
• Severe hepatic dysfunction or active liver disease.
• Increased intracranial pressure without adequate control.
• Severe cardiac disease with compromised myocardial function.

• High-risk Patients:
• Those susceptible to malignant hyperthermia.
• Patients with liver disease due to risk of halothane-induced hepatitis.
• Cardiac patients at risk of myocardial depression and arrhythmias.
• Serious Risks:
• Rare but potentially fatal halothane hepatitis.
• Malignant hyperthermia: monitor for rapid rise in temperature, muscle rigidity.
• Respiratory depression and hypotension during anesthesia.
• Monitoring:
• Continuous cardiovascular, respiratory, and temperature monitoring during use.
• Observe for early signs of malignant hyperthermia.
• Precautions:
• Avoid repeated exposure within short intervals.
• Minimize occupational exposure to staff by adequate ventilation.

• Common:
• Hypotension
• Respiratory depression
• Bradycardia
• Postoperative nausea and vomiting
• Drowsiness and dizziness during recovery
• Serious/Rare:
• Halothane-induced hepatitis
• Malignant hyperthermia
• Allergic reactions including anaphylaxis
• Hepatic necrosis

• Additive respiratory and cardiovascular depression with other anesthetics, CNS depressants, and opioids.
• Potentiation of neuromuscular blockers.
• Increased risk of malignant hyperthermia with concomitant use of succinylcholine.
• Minimal clinical significance with CYP450 inhibitors or inducers due to primary pulmonary elimination.

• Declining use due to safer modern anesthetics with reduced hepatotoxicity.
• Preoperative screening for malignant hyperthermia susceptibility emphasized.
• Recommendations against use in patients with liver disease.
• Reinforced occupational safety measures to reduce exposure of healthcare workers.

• Store in tightly sealed, light-protected containers.
• Temperature: 20°C to 25°C (68°F to 77°F).
• Protect from excessive heat, direct sunlight, and freezing.
• Ensure vaporizers are specifically calibrated for halothane before use.
• Store in well-ventilated areas away from ignition sources.